Light Cycle Oil
Light Cycle Oilis the diesel boiling range material, which is produced in addition to gas and petrol in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit.
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Light Cycle Oil & Applications
The worldwide demand for additional transportation fuels is primarily focused on more diesel fuel. The need for more diesel fuel far outpaces gasoline growth
Light Cycle Oil (LCO) is the diesel boiling range material, which is produced in addition to gas and petrol in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU). LCO is treated in the diesel hydrotreater (DHT) unit to produce low sulphur environment friendly diesel. However, LCO is a poor diesel fuel blending component without further processing. Upgrading LCO can be achieved in a number of ways, including: hydrotreating, high pressure hydrocracking for full conversion of LCO into naphtha and a more optimised partial conversion hydrocracking process.
The optimised partial conversion hydrocracking process provides an effective and flexible process to process LCO into desired products such as very-low sulphur diesel and high-octane high-aromatics naphtha.
LCO, a by-product of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in a petroleum refinery, can be used as a blendstock for the production of diesel and jet fuels. Regulatory and operational issues result in need for new and more active catalysts for the deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of diesel feedstocks, such as LCO.
Four main catalytic hydro-processing technologies of LCO were investigated in detail under typical pilot-scale operations aiming to provide industrial analysis of oil quality upgrading and to meet the various end-use applications.
It is found that ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) technology can effectively remove sulfur and nitrogen, however its performance on the improvement of cetane number and decreasing of density is limited. The property makes it suitable for production of fuel oils.
Maximally improving LCO cetane number (MCI) technology is favorable for producing diesel with high cetane number by partial ring-opening of aromatics without side-chain cleavage. Medium-Pressure Hydro-upgrading (MHUG) technology partially converts LCO into naphtha for production of diesel with low density and high cetane number at medium pressure. Meanwhile, the by-product-heavy naphtha with high potential aromatic content occurs. Moreover, LCO hydrocracking (FD2G) technology employs relatively higher temperature with varied pressure, avoiding thermodynamic limits, to promote the conversion of di- and tri-aromatics into monoaromatics. This technology not only produces high octane number gasoline, but also upgrades the quality of diesel. The industrial analysis here could guide the design and optimization of LCO hydro-processing technology for fuel quality upgrading.
Maximally improving LCO cetane number (MCI) technology is favorable for producing diesel with high cetane number by partial ring-opening of aromatics without side-chain cleavage. Medium-Pressure Hydro-upgrading (MHUG) technology partially converts LCO into naphtha for production of diesel with low density and high cetane number at medium pressure. Meanwhile, the by-product-heavy naphtha with high potential aromatic content occurs. Moreover, LCO hydrocracking (FD2G) technology employs relatively higher temperature with varied pressure, avoiding thermodynamic limits, to promote the conversion of di- and tri-aromatics into monoaromatics. This technology not only produces high octane number gasoline, but also upgrades the quality of diesel. The industrial analysis here could guide the design and optimization of LCO hydro-processing technology for fuel quality upgrading.
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High-sulfur fuel oil (HSFO)
The alternative to using marine fuels with such low sulfur content in ECAs is the use of scrubbers. This technology involves injecting water into the exhaust stream to reduce sulfur and other emissions. However, refitting a ship with this technology costs several million euros and means that the ship is docked for a period of time, which leads to a loss in revenue and income for the shipowners. On the other hand, a scrubber allows higher-sulfur marine fuels to be used. In this context, such heavy fuel oils are designated as high-sulfur fuel oils (HSFO), which have a maximum sulfur content of 3.5% as permitted under ISO 8217.
Low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO)
Heavy fuel oils are referred to as low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) if their sulfur content is below 1%. Usually these are marine fuel types IFO 180 or IFO 380, which have been desulfurized. Until the end of 2014, ships could still travel through Emission Control Areas (ECAs) with this type of marine fuel.
Ultra-low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO)
Since January 1, 2015, in accordance with Annex VI of the MARPOL Conventions, ship emissions must contain no more than 0.1% sulfur in such protected areas (ECAs). Due to these tightened restrictions, LSFOs no longer play an appreciable role in these areas and have been virtually replaced with the ultra-low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) marine fuel, which complies with those limits. Theoretically, heavily desulfurized IFO fuels could also be used here, but in practice the desulfurization of such heavy fuel oils is too expensive to make economic sense. For this reason, today the term ultra-low sulfur fuel oil usually refers not to desulfurized heavy fuel oils, but to marine gasoil, which is already low.
EN590
EN590 is the current standard for all automotive diesel fuel sold in the European Union member states. It is published by the European Committee for Standardization and it describes the physical properties of the fuel.
Heavy Fuel Oil
Heavy fuel oil is a residual fuel incurred during the distillation of crude oil. The quality of the residual fuel depends on the quality of the crude oil used in the refinery. A key differentiator of heavy fuel oils is their sulfur content.
Napha
Naphtha is produced primarily from the distillation of crude oil and is the intermediate product between the light gases and the heavier kerosene. It can also be a component of natural gas condensates.
Petoke
As refineries worldwide seek to operate more efficiently and extract more gasoline and other high value fuels from each barrel of crude oil, a solid carbon material known as petcoke is produced.
Light Liquid Paraffin
LLP, Kerosene, or lamp oil is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum. It is widely used as a fuel in aviation as well as households.
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It seems like you’re referring to a “fustel pack” or “fustel” in a specific context that I might not be familiar with.
